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| c. 600 BC |
| | | Phoenicians sail round the Cape of Good Hope and bring back the surprising news that the sun was seen to the north of them | |
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| c. 310 BC |
| | | Pytheas, a Greek explorer, sails up the west coast of Britain and finds beyond it a more northerly land which he calls Thule | |
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| 138 BC |
| | | Zhang Qian, a Chinese diplomat, begins a spell of twelve years as a captive of the nomadic horde, the Xiongnu | |
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| c. 126 BC |
| | | Zhang Qian reaches Bactria and is the first to bring news of western Asia back to China | |
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| c. 800 |
| | | Seafarers colonize New Zealand, the last great island region in the Pacific to be reached by human beings | |
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| c. 981 |
| | | Eric Thorvaldsson, or Eric the Red, sails to Greenland when he is exiled from Iceland | |
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| c. 1000 |
| | | Leif Ericsson claims to have made landfall at three places in north America, one of which he names Vinland - the land of wine | |
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| c. 1010 |
| | | Thorfinn Karlsefni leads an expedition to north America, traces of which may survive in a longhouse at L'Anse aux Meadows | |
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| 1415 |
| | | A Portuguese prince, Henry the Navigator, becomes fascinated by exploration down the coast of Africa and commissions successive voyages | |
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| c. 1425 |
| | | Zheng He, a Muslim eunuch, makes voyages of trade and exploration with a fleet of Chinese junks | |
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